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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="override.html" title="cpp/language/override"> <code>override</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class.html" title="cpp/language/class"> <code>class</code>/<code>struct</code> types</a> </td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="data_members.html#Member_initialization" title="cpp/language/data members">Default member initializer</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="final.html" title="cpp/language/final"><tt>final</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
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</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>A non-static member function is a function that is declared in a <a href="class.html" title="cpp/language/class">member specification</a> of a class without a <a href="static.html" title="cpp/language/static"><code>static</code></a> or <a href="friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend"><code>friend</code></a> specifier.
(see <a href="static.html#Static_member_functions" title="cpp/language/static">static member functions</a> and <a href="friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend">friend declaration</a> for the effect of those keywords)
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">class</span> S
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> mf1<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// non-static member function declaration</span>
    <span class="kw4">void</span> mf2<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">volatile</span>, mf3<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// can have cv-qualifiers and/or a reference-qualifier</span>
        <span class="co1">// the declaration above is equivalent to two separate declarations:</span>
        <span class="co1">// void mf2() volatile;</span>
        <span class="co1">// void mf3() &amp;&amp;;</span>
 
    <span class="kw4">int</span> mf4<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> data<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// can be defined inline</span>
    <span class="kw1">virtual</span> <span class="kw4">void</span> mf5<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> final<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// can be virtual, can use final/override</span>
    S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> data<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">12</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// constructors are member functions too</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> data<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">mf1</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">7</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// if not defined inline, has to be defined at namespace</span></pre></div></div>
<p><a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/constructor">Constructors</a>, <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor">destructors</a>, and <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">conversion functions</a> use special syntaxes for their declarations. The rules described in this page may not apply to these functions. See their respective pages for details.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p>Any <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">function declarations</a> are allowed, with additional syntax elements that are only available for non-static member functions: <a href="abstract_class.html" title="cpp/language/abstract class">pure-specifiers</a>, cv-qualifiers<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>, ref-qualifiers, <a href="final.html" title="cpp/language/final"><code>final</code></a> and <a href="override.html" title="cpp/language/override"><code>override</code></a> specifiers</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span>, and <a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/initializer list" class="mw-redirect">member initialization lists</a>.
</p><p>A non-static member function of class <code>X</code> may be called
</p>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> For an object of type <code>X</code> using the class member access operator</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> For an object of a class <a href="derived_class.html" title="cpp/language/derived class">derived</a> from <code>X</code></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> Directly from within the body of a member function of <code>X</code></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> Directly from within the body of a member function of a class derived from <code>X</code></div>
<p>Calling a non-static member function of class <code>X</code> on an object that is not of type <code>X</code>, or of a type derived from <code>X</code> invokes undefined behavior.
</p><p>Within the body of a non-static member function of <code>X</code>, any <a href="expressions.html" title="cpp/language/expressions">id-expression</a> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">e</span></span> (e.g. an identifier) that resolves to a non-type non-static member of <code>X</code> or of a base class of <code>X</code>, is transformed to a member access expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>this<span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">e</span></span></span> (unless it's already a part of a member access expression). This does not occur in template definition context, so a name may have to be prefixed with <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">this<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span></span></span> explicitly to become <a href="dependent_name.html" title="cpp/language/dependent name">dependent</a>.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> S
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">void</span> S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// transformed to (*this).n = 1;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    S s1, s2<span class="sy4">;</span>
    s1.<span class="me1">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// changes s1.n</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Within the body of a non-static member function of <code>X</code>, any unqualified-id that resolves to a static member, an enumerator or a nested type of <code>X</code> or of a base class of <code>X</code>, is transformed to the corresponding qualified-id:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> S
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">static</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">void</span> S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// transformed to S::n = 1;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    S s1, s2<span class="sy4">;</span>
    s1.<span class="me1">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// changes S::n</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="member_functions_with_cv-qualifiers">member functions with cv-qualifiers</span></h4>
<p>A non-static member function can be declared with a <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv">cv-qualifier</a> sequence (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">volatile</span></span></span>, or a combination of <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span> and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">volatile</span></span></span>), this sequence appears after the parameter list in the <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">function declaration</a>. Functions with different cv-qualifier sequences (or no sequence) have different types and so may overload each other.
</p><p>In the body of a function with a cv-qualifier sequence, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">*</span>this</span></span> is cv-qualified, e.g. in a member function with <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span> qualifier, only other member functions with <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span> qualifier may be called normally. (A member function without <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span> qualifier may still be called if <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><code>const_cast</code></a> is applied or through an access path that does not involve <a href="this.html" title="cpp/language/this"><code>this</code></a>.)
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include &lt;vector&gt;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> Array
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1272">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> data<span class="sy4">;</span>
    Array<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> sz<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> data<span class="br0">(</span>sz<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
 
    <span class="co1">// const member function</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> operator<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> idx<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span>
    <span class="br0">{</span>                     <span class="co1">// the this pointer has type const Array*</span>
        <span class="kw1">return</span> data<span class="br0">[</span>idx<span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// transformed to (*this).data[idx];</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span>
 
    <span class="co1">// non-const member function</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy3">&amp;</span> operator<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> idx<span class="br0">)</span>
    <span class="br0">{</span>                     <span class="co1">// the this pointer has type Array*</span>
        <span class="kw1">return</span> data<span class="br0">[</span>idx<span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// transformed to (*this).data[idx]</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    Array a<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    a<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>  <span class="co1">// OK: the type of a[1] is int&amp;</span>
    <span class="kw4">const</span> Array ca<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    ca<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// Error: the type of ca[1] is int</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="member_functions_with_ref-qualifier">member functions with ref-qualifier</span></h4>
<p>A non-static member function can be declared with no ref-qualifier, with an lvalue ref-qualifier (the token <code>&amp;</code> after the parameter list) or the rvalue ref-qualifier (the token <code>&amp;&amp;</code> after the parameter list). During <a href="overload_resolution.html" title="cpp/language/overload resolution">overload resolution</a>, non-static member function with a cv-qualifier sequence of class X is treated as follows:
</p>
<ul><li> no ref-qualifier: the implicit object parameter has type lvalue reference to cv-qualified X and is additionally allowed to bind rvalue implied object argument
</li><li> lvalue ref-qualifier: the implicit object parameter has type lvalue reference to cv-qualified X
</li><li> rvalue ref-qualifier: the implicit object parameter has type rvalue reference to cv-qualified X
</li></ul>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> S
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">&amp;</span>  <span class="br0">{</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"lvalue<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
    <span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"rvalue<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    S s<span class="sy4">;</span>
    s.<span class="me1">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>            <span class="co1">// prints "lvalue"</span>
    std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">move</span><span class="br0">(</span>s<span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// prints "rvalue"</span>
    S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>          <span class="co1">// prints "rvalue"</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Note: unlike cv-qualification, ref-qualification does not change the properties of the <a href="this.html" title="cpp/language/this"><code>this</code></a> pointer: within a rvalue ref-qualified function, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">*</span>this</span></span> remains an lvalue expression.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Virtual_and_pure_virtual_functions">Virtual and pure virtual functions</span></h4>
<p>A non-static member function may be declared <i>virtual</i> or <i>pure virtual</i>. See <a href="virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual">virtual functions</a> and <a href="abstract_class.html" title="cpp/language/abstract class">abstract classes</a> for details.
</p>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx23"><td>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explicit_object_parameter">Explicit object parameter</span></h4>
<p>A non-static member function can be declared to take as its first parameter an explicit object parameter, denoted with the prefixed keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">this</span></span>.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> X
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">void</span> foo<span class="br0">(</span>this X <span class="kw4">const</span><span class="sy3">&amp;</span> self, <span class="kw4">int</span> i<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// same as void foo(int i) const &amp;;</span>
<span class="co1">//  void foo(int i) const &amp;; // Error: already declared</span>
 
    <span class="kw4">void</span> bar<span class="br0">(</span>this X self, <span class="kw4">int</span> i<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// pass object by value: makes a copy of `*this`</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>For template member functions, explicit object parameter allows deduction of type and value category, this language feature is called "deducing `this`"
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> X
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw1">typename</span> Self<span class="sy1">&gt;</span>
    <span class="kw4">void</span> foo<span class="br0">(</span>this Self<span class="sy3">&amp;&amp;</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> D <span class="sy4">:</span> X <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">void</span> ex<span class="br0">(</span>X<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> x, D<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> d<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    x.<span class="me1">foo</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>       <span class="co1">// Self = X&amp;</span>
    move<span class="br0">(</span>x<span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">foo</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// Self = X</span>
    d.<span class="me1">foo</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>       <span class="co1">// Self = D&amp;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>This makes it possible to deduplicate const- and non-const member functions, see <a href="operators.html#Array_subscript_operator" title="cpp/language/operators">array subscript operator</a> for an example.
</p><p><br>
Additionally, explicit object parameter deduces to the derived type, which simplifies <a href="crtp.html" title="cpp/language/crtp">CRTP</a>:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co1">// a CRTP trait</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> add_postfix_increment
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw1">template</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw1">typename</span> Self<span class="sy1">&gt;</span>
    <span class="kw4">auto</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>this Self<span class="sy3">&amp;&amp;</span> self, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span>
    <span class="br0">{</span>
        <span class="kw4">auto</span> tmp <span class="sy1">=</span> self<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// Self deduces to "some_type"</span>
        <span class="sy2">++</span>self<span class="sy4">;</span>
        <span class="kw1">return</span> tmp<span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> some_type <span class="sy4">:</span> add_postfix_increment
<span class="br0">{</span>
    some_type<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> ... <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Inside the body of a function with explicit object parameter, the <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">this</span></span> pointer cannot be used: all member access must be done through the first parameter, like in static member functions:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> C
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">void</span> bar<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <span class="kw4">void</span> foo<span class="br0">(</span>this C c<span class="br0">)</span>
    <span class="br0">{</span>
        <span class="kw4">auto</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> this<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// error: no this</span>
        bar<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>         <span class="co1">// error: no implicit this-&gt;</span>
        c.<span class="me1">bar</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>       <span class="co1">// ok</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>A pointer to a member function with explicit object parameter is an ordinary pointer to function, not a pointer to member:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> Y 
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span><span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> g<span class="br0">(</span>this Y <span class="kw4">const</span><span class="sy3">&amp;</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">auto</span> pf <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&amp;</span>Y<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">f</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
pf<span class="br0">(</span>y, <span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>              <span class="co1">// error: pointers to member functions are not callable</span>
<span class="br0">(</span>y.<span class="sy2">*</span>pf<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>            <span class="co1">// ok</span>
<a href="../utility/functional/invoke.html"><span class="kw1063">std::<span class="me2">invoke</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>pf, y, <span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// ok</span>
 
<span class="kw4">auto</span> pg <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&amp;</span>Y<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">g</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
pg<span class="br0">(</span>y, <span class="nu0">3</span>, <span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>              <span class="co1">// ok</span>
<span class="br0">(</span>y.<span class="sy2">*</span>pg<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">3</span>, <span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>            <span class="co1">// error: pg is not a pointer to member function</span>
<a href="../utility/functional/invoke.html"><span class="kw1063">std::<span class="me2">invoke</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>pg, y, <span class="nu0">3</span>, <span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// ok</span></pre></div></div>
<p><br>
Member functions with an explicit object parameter cannot be static or virtual and they cannot have cv- or ref-qualifiers. 
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx23">(since C++23)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Special_member_functions">Special member functions</span></h4>
<p>Some member functions are <i>special</i>: under certain circumstances they are defined by the compiler even if not defined by the user. They are:
</p>
<ul><li> <a href="default_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/default constructor">Default constructor</a>
</li><li> <a href="copy_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/copy constructor">Copy constructor</a>
</li></ul>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<ul><li> <a href="move_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/move constructor">Move constructor</a>
</li></ul>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<ul><li> <a href="as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/as operator" class="mw-redirect">Copy assignment operator</a>
</li></ul>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<ul><li> <a href="move_operator.html" title="cpp/language/move operator" class="mw-redirect">Move assignment operator</a>
</li></ul>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<ul><li> <span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx20"><span><a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor">Destructor</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(until C++20)</span></span></span><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx20"><span><a href="destructor.html#Prospective_destructor" title="cpp/language/destructor">Prospective destructor</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span></span></span>
</li></ul>
<p>Special member functions <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx20"><span>along with the <a href="default_comparisons.html" title="cpp/language/default comparisons">comparison operators</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span></span></span> are the only functions that can be <i>defaulted</i>, that is, defined using <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">default</span></span></span> instead of the function body (see their pages for details)
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span>
<span class="co2">#include &lt;string&gt;</span>
<span class="co2">#include &lt;utility&gt;</span>
<span class="co2">#include &lt;exception&gt;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> S
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> data<span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <span class="co1">// simple converting constructor (declaration)</span>
    S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> val<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <span class="co1">// simple explicit constructor (declaration)</span>
    <span class="kw1">explicit</span> S<span class="br0">(</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> str<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <span class="co1">// const member function (definition)</span>
    <span class="kw1">virtual</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> getData<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> data<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// definition of the constructor</span>
S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">S</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> val<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> data<span class="br0">(</span>val<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"ctor1 called, data = "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> data <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="co1">// this constructor has a catch clause</span>
S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">S</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> str<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw1">try</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> data<span class="br0">(</span><a href="../string/basic_string/stol.html"><span class="kw1260">std::<span class="me2">stoi</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>str<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"ctor2 called, data = "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> data <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="kw1">catch</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <a href="../error/exception.html"><span class="kw765">std::<span class="me2">exception</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"ctor2 failed, string was '"</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> str <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"'<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw1">throw</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// ctor's catch clause should always rethrow</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> D <span class="sy4">:</span> S
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> data2<span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="co1">// constructor with a default argument</span>
    D<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> v1, <span class="kw4">int</span> v2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">11</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> S<span class="br0">(</span>v1<span class="br0">)</span>, data2<span class="br0">(</span>v2<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
 
    <span class="co1">// virtual member function</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> getData<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> override <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> data <span class="sy2">*</span> data2<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
 
    <span class="co1">// lvalue-only assignment operator</span>
    D<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> operator<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>D other<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">&amp;</span>
    <span class="br0">{</span>
        <a href="../algorithm/swap.html"><span class="kw1603">std::<span class="me2">swap</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>other.<span class="me1">data</span>, data<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
        <a href="../algorithm/swap.html"><span class="kw1603">std::<span class="me2">swap</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>other.<span class="me1">data2</span>, data2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
        <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>this<span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    D d1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    S s2<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"2"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <span class="kw1">try</span>
    <span class="br0">{</span>
        S s3<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"not a number"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span>
    <span class="kw1">catch</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <a href="../error/exception.html"><span class="kw765">std::<span class="me2">exception</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
 
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> s2.<span class="me1">getData</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    D d2<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">3</span>, <span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    d2 <span class="sy1">=</span> d1<span class="sy4">;</span>   <span class="co1">// OK: assignment to lvalue</span>
<span class="co1">//  D(5) = d1; // ERROR: no suitable overload of operator=</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">ctor1 called, data = 1
ctor2 called, data = 2
ctor2 failed, string was 'not a number'
2
ctor1 called, data = 3</pre></div></div> 
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Defect_reports">Defect reports</span></h3>
<p>The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
</p>
<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
<tr>
<th> DR
</th>
<th> Applied to
</th>
<th> Behavior as published
</th>
<th> Correct behavior
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/194.html">CWG 194</a>
</td>
<td> C++98
</td>
<td> ambiguous whether a non-static member function<br>could have the same name as the enclosing class name
</td>
<td> explicit naming restriction added
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="classes.html" title="cpp/language/classes">classes</a>
</li><li><a href="data_members.html" title="cpp/language/data members">non-static data members</a>
</li><li><a href="static.html" title="cpp/language/static">static data members</a>
</li></ul>

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